Philosopher-Kings: Could One Rule Today?

Overview

By introducing Plato's concept of 'philosopher-king', we explore and discuss the ideal of a ruler who combines philosophical knowledge with political skill. Is such a 'perfect' ruler possible? Are there examples of historical figures embodying the ideal? Is such a ruler desirable today?

Beginning with Plato's Republic, we study details of his ideal state and Socrates' arguments, including his view of the qualities the ideal philosopher must possess. This involves some key arguments concerning the nature of justice and the education and training of guardians. We consider Plato's criticism of forms of government and Socrates on power and corruption.

Our next focus is the influence of the Republic, and the reception and evolution of Plato's concept of philosopher-king. Beginning with Aristotle's critique in his Politics, we explore the Republic's relation to various figures from Cicero and Augustine to Mussolini. Also, we investigate the influence of the philosopher-king ideal on Islamic and Jewish philosophy.

We continue by examining particular historical leaders often suggested as examples of philosopher-kings, from Alexander the Great, Marcus Aurelius and Ashoka to Thomas Jefferson and Radhakrishnan.

Finally, we discuss the desirability of a philosopher-ruler today with reference to critiques of the Republic and associated modern concepts such as 'technocracy' and 'benevolent dictator.'

This course is part of the Oxford University Summer School for Adults (OUSSA) programme.

Programme details

Seminars

Participants are taught in small seminar groups of up to 10 students, and receive two one-on-one tutorials with their tutor. 

Sunday

Seminar 1

An introduction to Plato's Republic: the problem of justice, the nature of the just city-state and the just man. Some broad themes outlined: theory of forms, immortality of the soul, the role of the philosopher.

Seminar 2

Arguments and ideas in Book I of the Republic. Discussion of ageing, definitions of justice, and Socrates' refutations. Culmination in aporia.

Monday

Seminar 3

Book II of the Republic: challenge to Socrates by Glaucon and Adeimentus. The story of Gyges. More arguments about the nature of justice.

Seminar 4

Books II- IV: the city and the soul. The origin of society, the guardian class, the education and training of the guardians. Cardinal virtues, gymnastics, the Noble Lie.

Tuesday

Seminar 5

Books V-VI: the Ship of State. Further arguments of Socrates. Qualities of the philosopher-king, governance of the city-state compared to the command of a ship. Books VI-VII: Allegories of the sun, divided line and cave.

Seminar 6

Books VIII-IX: Plato's criticism of forms of government - aristocracy, timocracy, oligarchy, democracy and tyranny. Socrates on power and corruption. Just, disinterested philosopher-kings governing the good city. Book X, myth of Er. 

Wednesday

Seminar 7

The influence of Plato's Republic: Aristotle, Zeno of Citium and Cicero. Consideration of Augustine, Averroes, Thomas More, Hegel, Mussolini, Aldous Huxley, George Orwell and Martin Luther King Jr.

Seminar 8

The reception and evolution of Plato's concept of the philosopher-king. Aristotle's critique of Plato in his Politics. Plato's influence on Jewish and Islamic philosophy.

Thursday

Seminar 9

Did Plato think that his ideal state could be established in the real world? Archytas and Dion. The problem of identifying historical examples of philosopher-rulers. Possible pre-Plato philosopher-kings

Seminar 10

Various leaders who have been suggested as embodying the philosopher-ruler ideal. Controversies surrounding particular cases: Alexander the Great. Selection of candidates for discussion: Buddhist emperor Ashoka, Roman emperors Marcus Aurelius and Julian, Sasanian ruler Khosrow I, Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II, Matthias Corvinus, Akbar the Great, Thomas Jefferson, S. Radhakrishnan and others.

Friday

Seminar 11

Concepts in modern political theory that relate to, resemble, echo or involve the idea of philosopher-king. Examples: the benevolent dictator, noocracy, technocracy, enlightened absolutism, natural aristocracy. Government by algorithm. 

Seminar 12

Is a philosopher-ruler possible or desirable today? Critiques and interpretations of the Republic. Critiques of the concept of philosopher-king and related modern concepts. 

Programme timetable

The daily timetable will normally be as follows:

Saturdays

14.00–16.30 - Registration

16.30–17.00 - Orientation meeting

17.00–17.30 - Classroom orientation for tutor and students

17.30–18.00 - Drinks reception

18.00–20.00 - Welcome dinner

Sundays – Fridays

09.00–10.30 - Seminar

10.30–11.00 - Tea/coffee break

11.00–12.30 - Seminar

12.30–13.30 - Lunch

13.30–18.00 - Afternoons are free for tutorials, individual study, course-related field trips or exploring the many places of interest in and around Oxford.

18.00–19.00 - Dinner (there is a formal gala dinner every Friday to close each week of the programme).

A range of optional social events will be offered throughout the summer school. These are likely to include: a quiz night, visit to historic pubs in Oxford, visit to Christ Church for Evensong and after-dinner talks and discussions.

Fees

Description Costs
Fee Option 1 (Single en suite - inc. Tuition and Meals) £2050.00
Fee Option 2 (Double en suite - inc. Tuition and Meals) 1 person £2100.00
Fee Option 3 (Twin en suite - inc. Tuition and Meals) per person £1680.00
Fee Option 4 (No Accommodation - inc. Tuition, Lunch & Dinner) £1250.00

Funding

Concessionary rates are available on a non-residential basis for those that qualify, more information can be found here.

Unfortunately we do not offer any specific scholarships or funding opportunities for OUSSA programme, but you can visit our departmental funding webpage, where you may be able to find a particular source of funding that matches your requirements alongside meeting the funding criteria.

Payment

All fees are charged on a per week, per person basis.

Please be aware that all payments made via non-UK credit/debit cards and bank accounts are subject to the exchange rate on the day they are processed.

Tuition and meals are included in the programme fee, with both residential and non-residential options available.

Course change administration fee: Please note that course transfers may be permitted in exceptional circumstances; however, in accordance with our Terms and Conditions, an administration fee of £50 will be charged.

Payment terms

  • If enrolling online: full payment by credit/debit card at the time of booking
  • If submitting an application form: full payment online by credit/debit card or via bank transfer within 30 days of invoice date

Cancellations and Refunds

1. Cancellation by you

Participants who wish to cancel must inform the Programme Administrator in writing: by email to oussa@conted.ox.ac.uk or by post to OUSSA, OUDCE, 1 Wellington Square, OXFORD, OX1 2JA, UK.

The following cancellation and refund policy applies in all cases:

  • Cancellation within 14 days of online enrolment / payment of fees – full refund of all fees paid.
  • Cancellations received up to and including 30 April 2025 – OUDCE will retain an administration fee of £100 per week booked; all other fees paid will be refunded.
  • Cancellations received between 1-31 May 2025 – OUDCE will retain 60% of the fees paid; the remaining 40% of fees paid will be refunded.
  • Cancellations received on and after 1 June 2025 - no refunds will be made.

2. Cancellation by us

Where there is good reason, OUDCE reserves the right to cancel a course by giving you notice in writing at any time before the course is due to start. In these cases, we will endeavour to offer a transfer to another available course if practical and acceptable to you, subject to payment or refund of any difference in the course fees. Alternatively, we will refund the course fees that you have already paid. If we cancel a course, our liability is limited to the fees that we have received from you; this means that we will not compensate you for any pre-booked travel costs or any other expenses incurred. The status of this course will be reviewed on 1 May 2025. If it is likely that the course may be cancelled, anyone affected will be notified by email within 7 days; if you have not heard from OUDCE by 8 May 2025, you should assume that your course will be running. You may wish to delay finalising your travel arrangements until after this date.

OUDCE reserves the right to cancel a course at short notice in exceptional circumstances that would prevent the course from being delivered e.g. tutor illness. In these rare instances, we will notify you as soon as possible and arrange a transfer to another available Oxford Experience course. If we cancel a course, our liability is limited to the fees that we have received from you; this means that we will not compensate you for any pre-booked travel costs or any other expenses incurred.

Where course fees have been paid in currencies other than pounds sterling, refunds will be subject to the exchange rate on the day they are processed.

3. Travel insurance 

The Department cannot be held responsible for any costs you may incur in relation to travel or accommodation bookings as a result of a course cancellation, or if you are unable to attend the course for any other reason. You are advised to check cancellation policies carefully and to purchase travel insurance.

Tutor

Dr Martin Ovens

Tutor

Born and educated in Wales, Martin Ovens (Wolfson College, Oxford) has taught courses in philosophy and religious studies since 1997, first for Cardiff University and then for OUDCE from 2005. He is the Editor of Culture and Dialogue, an international, peer reviewed journal of cross-cultural philosophy (published by Brill). His research is based on interest in the relationship between skepsis and creativity. Among his publications are papers on comparative philosophy, scepticism and aesthetics. Current projects include work on Owen Barfield and political philosophy.

Course aims

This course aims to introduce, interpret and evaluate Plato's concept of philosopher-king in relation to historical examples of philosopher-rulers and concepts in modern political theory.

Teaching methods

The teaching methods used during this course may include:

  • Short lectures/presentations
  • Seminars/group discussions
  • Student presentations
  • Video recordings

Learning outcomes

By the end of this course, you will be expected to understand:

  • Key ideas and arguments in Plato's Republic
  • The influence of the Republic and evolution of the philosopher-king concept
  • Problems about the identification of historical examples of philosopher-rulers
  • Critiques and interpretations of the Republic and the concept of a philosopher-ruler

Assessment methods

Participants are required to undertake preparatory reading and complete a pre-course assignment of 1,500 words. Although this does not count towards credit, it is seen as an important way of developing your ideas and is mandatory. The pre-course assignment is typically due in the first week of June.

You will be assessed during the summer school by either a 1,000 word written assignment or a presentation supported by individual documentation. To successfully gain credit (10 CATS points) students should attend all classes and complete the on-course assignment. Participants will attend two one-on-one tutorials with their tutor during the week.

OUSSA is an accredited summer school taught at undergraduate level; each one-week course carries 10 CATS (Credit Accumulation and Transfer Scheme) points at FHEQ (Framework for Higher Education Qualification) Level 4. Learn more about CATS points.

Certificate of Higher Education

Credit earned from OUSSA can be transferred towards our flexible Certificate of Higher Education.

Study when and where it suits you by gaining credit from short courses, including short online courses, weekly classes and OUSSA, and build your way to an Oxford University award. This part-time undergraduate programme lasts between two and four years depending on how intensively you want to study.  

Find out more about the Certificate of Higher Education.

Application

Most courses fill quickly so early registration is strongly recommended. If your preferred course is fully booked, you may wish to add yourself to the waiting list and the Programme Administrator will contact you should a place become available.

Please note, the programme is only open to those over the age of 18.

Single accommodation, double room for 1 person and non-residential places may be booked online by clicking on the “Book now” button in the “Course details” box at the top right-hand side of the course page.

Those requiring twin, double or accessible accommodation should complete an enrolment form as these rooms cannot be booked online. Please send the completed enrolment form to the email address below. Both the PDF and Word option of the form below are editable, so you can complete them online before saving and sending to us as an email attachment. You do not need to print and scan them. (Please use these forms only if you are making a twin or double booking for two people.)

Online enrolments require payment in full at the time of registering.

Those who do not wish to register online or who have specific requirements (eg an accessible bedroom) should contact the Programme Administrator directly at oussa@conted.ox.ac.uk or OUSSA, OUDCE, 1 Wellington Square, Oxford, OX1 2JA, UK.

Accommodation

More information about our accommodation can be found here.