For over 200 years from the 6th to the 4th centuries BCE the first Persian Empire, known as the Achaemenids, were the dominant power in the Middle East
They conquered Babylon under Cyrus II, then Egypt under his son and under Darius I they reached Europe. Then his son Xerxes led a famous but disastrous invasion of Greece.
Among the people affected by the rise of the Persian Empire were the Jews. Many were living in Exile “by the waters of Babylon”. Cyrus allowed them to go home and re-build Jerusalem and its Temple. Not surprisingly the Persians tend to have a positive image in the Bible compared to other nations like Egypt, Assyria or Babylon.
In the Bible itself there are historical books such as Ezra, Nehemiah and Esther which come from the Persian period and late prophetic books such as Haggai, Zechariah and Malachi together with portions of Isaiah also date from this time.
The Persian religion was Zoroastrianism with dualistic beliefs in light and darkness, angels and demons and a final Day Of Judgment. All of these elements also appear in post-exilic Judaism - certainly not a coincidence.
In this summer school course we will investigate the history of the period and the developments in Jewish religion. We will investigate a number of biblical books including works from the Apocrypha and from the New Testament. The course therefore combines historical and literary approaches in order to bring to light a neglected period in history.
This course is part of the Oxford University Summer School for Adults (OUSSA) programme.