How Wars End



Overview

In August 1914, Kaiser Wilhelm told German troops waiting to be mobilised that they would be home ‘before the leaves fall’. He was not alone in this prediction. At the time it was widely believed that the coming war would be over by Christmas. In the early 1960s, the US did not foresee that a guerrilla war waged by Communist-nationalist forces in Vietnam would last for over 10 years. And when Vladimir Putin launched the invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, he apparently expected his forces to capture the capital, Kyiv, and subdue the entire country within weeks, if not days. Why have so many conflicts in modern times defied initially confident expectations of a rapid, decisive victory? How far have the terms on which they were eventually concluded differed from belligerents’ original war aims? Have mounting costs in lives, money and materiel made it more - or less – easy to bring wars to an end? How to explain the willingness of populations to continue fighting, despite the sacrifices involved? Why has a negotiated peace often seemed so elusive? And is a war always ‘over’ when the fighting stops? We shall try to answer these difficult questions by studying a selection of case studies from 20th-21st centuries. Taking the First World War as a starting point, the course will move on to a comparison of the wars in Vietnam and Ukraine. Finally, we shall look at some examples of ‘frozen conflicts- in Korea, the Middle East and the Caucasus - and try to unpick the concepts of ‘victory’ and ‘lasting peace’.

This course is part of the Oxford University Summer School for Adults (OUSSA) programme.

Programme details

Seminars

Participants are taught in small seminar groups of up to 12 students, and receive two one-on-one tutorials with their tutor.

Sunday

Seminar 1: World War 1: why was it not ‘over by Christmas’? 

Seminar 2: World War 1: war aims v. war outcomes

Monday

Seminar 3: World War 1: how far did ‘war weariness’ erode public support?

Seminar 4: World War 1- ‘the war to end all wars’: what went wrong?

Tuesday

Seminar 5: Vietnam: a ‘David v. Goliath’ struggle 

Seminar 6: Vietnam: ‘An agreement ending the war and restoring peace in Vietnam’(Paris Accords, 1973)

Wednesday

Seminar 7: Ukraine: ‘David v. Goliath’ – again? 

Seminar 8: Ukraine: is there a path to a negotiated settlement?

Thursday

Seminar 9: Korea: 70 years on, is the war in permanent ‘deep freeze’?

Seminar 10: Arab-Israeli conflict: Oslo Accords, 1993

Friday

Seminar 11: ‘Frozen conflicts’ in the Caucasus: Nagorno-Karabakh & North-South Ossetia 

Seminar 12: Debate: what do ‘victory’ and ‘lasting peace’ look like in the 21st century?

Programme timetable

The daily timetable will normally be as follows:

Saturdays

14.00–16.30 - Registration

16.30–17.00 - Orientation meeting

17.00–17.30 - Classroom orientation for tutor and students

17.30–18.00 - Drinks reception

18.00–20.00 - Welcome dinner

Sundays – Fridays

09.00–10.30 - Seminar

10.30–11.00 - Tea/coffee break

11.00–12.30 - Seminar

12.30–13.30 - Lunch

13.30–18.00 - Afternoons are free for tutorials, individual study, course-related field trips or exploring the many places of interest in and around Oxford.

18.00–19.00 - Dinner (There is a formal gala dinner every Friday to close each week of the programme)

A range of optional social events will be offered throughout the summer school. These are likely to include: a quiz night, visit to historic pubs in Oxford, visit to Christ Church for Evensong and after-dinner talks and discussions.

Fees

Description Costs
Fee Option 1 (Single en suite - inc. Tuition and Meals) £1850.00
Fee Option 2 (Double en suite - inc. Tuition and Meals) 1 person £1940.00
Fee Option 3 (Twin en suite - inc. Tuition and Meals) per person £1550.00
Fee Option 4 (No Accommodation - inc. Tuition, Lunch & Dinner) £1050.00

Funding

Concessionary rates are available on a non-residential basis for those that qualify, more information can be found here

Unfortunately we do not offer any specific scholarships or funding opportunities for OUSSA programme, but you can visit our departmental funding webpage, where you may be able to find a particular source of funding that matches your requirements alongside meeting the funding criteria.

Payment

All fees are charged on a per week, per person basis.

Please be aware that all payments made via non-UK credit/debit cards and bank accounts are subject to the exchange rate on the day they are processed.

Tuition and meals are included in the programme fee, with both residential and non-residential options available.

Course change administration fee: Please note that course transfers may be permitted in exceptional circumstances; however, in accordance with our Terms and Conditions, an administration fee of £50 will be charged.

Payment terms

  • If enrolling online: full payment by credit/debit card at the time of booking
  • If submitting an application form: full payment online by credit/debit card or via bank transfer within 30 days of invoice date

Cancellations and Refunds

1. Cancellation by you

Participants who wish to cancel must inform the Programme Administrator in writing: by email to oussa@conted.ox.ac.uk or by post to OUSSA, OUDCE, 1 Wellington Square, OXFORD, OX1 2JA, UK.

The following cancellation and refund policy applies in all cases:

  • Cancellation within 14 days of online enrolment / payment of fees – full refund of all fees paid.
  • Cancellations received up to and including 30 April 2024 – OUDCE will retain an administration fee of £100 per week booked; all other fees paid will be refunded.
  • Cancellations received between 1-31 May 2024 – OUDCE will retain 60% of the fees paid; the remaining 40% of fees paid will be refunded.
  • Cancellations received on and after 1 June 2024 - no refunds will be made.

2. Cancellation by us

Where there is good reason, OUDCE reserves the right to cancel a course by giving you notice in writing at any time before the course is due to start. In these cases, we will endeavour to offer a transfer to another available course if practical and acceptable to you, subject to payment or refund of any difference in the course fees. Alternatively, we will refund the course fees that you have already paid. If we cancel a course, our liability is limited to the fees that we have received from you; this means that we will not compensate you for any pre-booked travel costs or any other expenses incurred. The status of this course will be reviewed on 1 May 2024. If it is likely that the course may be cancelled, anyone affected will be notified by email within 7 days; if you have not heard from OUDCE by 8 May 2024, you should assume that your course will be running. You may wish to delay finalising your travel arrangements until after this date.

OUDCE reserves the right to cancel a course at short notice in exceptional circumstances that would prevent the course from being delivered e.g. tutor illness. In these rare instances, we will notify you as soon as possible and arrange a transfer to another available Oxford Experience course. If we cancel a course, our liability is limited to the fees that we have received from you; this means that we will not compensate you for any pre-booked travel costs or any other expenses incurred.

Where course fees have been paid in currencies other than pounds sterling, refunds will be subject to the exchange rate on the day they are processed.

3. Travel insurance 

The Department cannot be held responsible for any costs you may incur in relation to travel or accommodation bookings as a result of a course cancellation, or if you are unable to attend the course for any other reason. You are advised to check cancellation policies carefully and to purchase travel insurance.

Tutor

Ms Sheila Tremlett

Tutor

Sheila is a Senior Associate Tutor at Oxford University’s Department for Continuing Education, where she teaches modern British and European history. She has a special interest in international relations and the history of ideas.

Course aims

This course aims to explore how the experience of modern warfare has shown traditional goals of ‘decisive victory’ and ‘lasting peace’ to be elusive.

Teaching methods

Participants will be taught in seminar groups of up to 12 people. The teaching methods used during this course may include:

  • Short lectures/presentations
  • Physical handouts
  • Seminars/group discussions
  • Student presentations
  • Video/Audio recordings

Learning outcomes

By the end of this course, students will be expected to understand:

  • How traditional notions of victory and defeat have been challenged by the experiences of modern warfare
  • Why so many wars in 20th-21st century have lasted so long and failed to deliver the aims of their original authors
  • Why populations still seem prepared to accept high levels of sacrifice in support of a national cause
  • The conditions necessary for conflict resolution and how its actual achievement can be assessed

Assessment methods

Participants are required to undertake preparatory reading and complete a pre-course assignment of 1,500 words. Although this does not count towards credit, it is seen as an important way of developing your ideas and is mandatory. The pre-course assignment is typically due in the first week of June.

You will be assessed during the summer school by either a 1,000 word written assignment or a presentation supported by individual documentation. To successfully gain credit (10 CATS points) students should attend all classes and complete the on-course assignment. Participants will attend two one-on-one tutorials with their tutor during the week.

OUSSA is an accredited summer school taught at undergraduate level; each one-week course carries 10 CATS (Credit Accumulation and Transfer Scheme) points at FHEQ (Framework for Higher Education Qualification) Level 4. Learn more about CATS points.

Certificate of Higher Education

Credit earned from OUSSA can be transferred towards our flexible Certificate of Higher Education.

Study when and where it suits you by gaining credit from short courses, including short online courses, weekly classes and OUSSA, and build your way to an Oxford University award. This part-time undergraduate programme lasts between two and four years depending on how intensively you want to study.  

Find out more about the Certificate of Higher Education

Application

Most courses fill quickly so early registration is strongly recommended. If your preferred course is fully booked, you may wish to add yourself to the waiting list and the Programme Administrator will contact you should a place become available.

Please note, the programme is only open to those over the age of 18.

Single accommodation, double room for 1 person and non-residential places may be booked online by clicking on the “Book now” button in the “Course details” box at the top right-hand side of the course page.

Those requiring twin or double accommodation should complete an enrolment form as these rooms cannot be booked online. Please send the completed enrolment form to the email address below. Both the PDF and Word option of the form below are editable, so you can complete them online before saving and sending to us as an email attachment. You do not need to print and scan them. (Please use these forms only if you are making a twin or double booking for two people)

Online enrolments require payment in full at the time of registering.

Those who do not wish to register online or who have specific requirements (e.g. the accessible bedroom) should contact the Programme Administrator directly at oussa@conted.ox.ac.uk or OUSSA, OUDCE, 1 Wellington Square, Oxford, OX1 2JA, UK

Accommodation

More information about our accommodation can be found here

Terms & conditions for applicants and students

Information on financial support