The Habsburg Empire was the most powerful state in Central Europe for centuries. Over many centuries the Austrian dynasty became the Holy Roman Emperors in a world of political fragmentation in German Europe. The nineteenth century presented a challenge for the dynasty because nationalism became more important in European politics. The empire was diverse and many citizens spoke different languages in different circumstances. Individual national groups started to make their voices heard. At this time Vienna, Prague and Budapest became centres of remarkable cultural developments. The First World War destroyed the state and the old traditions. By 1918 after the war, Austria had become a shadow of its former self.
This course is part of the Oxford University Summer School for Adults (OUSSA) programme.